Cannabis and cannabinoids as an alternative remedy in metabolic syndrome

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS), an epidemic defined as a group of interconnected physiological, biochemistry, clinical, and metabolic factors, directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and death. MetS therapy includes diet, physical exercise, and a poly-pharmacological intervention. Cannabis is mainly recognized for its recreational uses and has several medical applications for neurological diseases, due to its hypnotic, anxiolytic, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant activities. Although several clinical observations in Cannabis smokers suggest metabolic effects, its utility in metabolic disorders is unclear. This review aims to determine under what conditions Cannabis might be useful in the treatment of MetS. Cannabis contains 120 phytocannabinoids, of which Δ9-THC mediates its psychoactive effects. Cannabinoids exert biological effects through interactions with the endocannabinoid system, which modulates several physiologic and metabolic pathways through cannabinoid receptors (CB1/CB2). Signaling through both receptors inhibits neurotransmitter release. In general, endocannabinoid system stimulation in Cannabis smokers and Δ9-THC signaling through CB1 have been implicated in MetS development, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. In contrast, CB1 antagonists and non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol reduce these effects through interactions with both cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors. These pharmacological approaches represent a source of new therapeutic agents for MetS. However, more studies are necessary to support the therapeutic potential of Cannabis and cannabinoids in metabolic abnormalities

Influence of two hypoglycemic Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché and Ibervillea sonorae Greene) on ATP-sensitive potassium channels in rat aortic rings / Influencia de dos Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché e Ibervillea sonorae Greene) sobre los canales de potasio sensibles a ATP en anillos aórticos de rata

Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché fruit containing D-chiro-inositol and Ibervillea sonorae Greene root containing cucurbitane-type glycosides are used to control diabetes in Mexico. Although the hypoglycemic effect of both plants has been demonstrated and some active compounds proposed, their mechanisms are still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if the incubation with both aqueous extracts avoids the inhibition of contraction induced by phenylephrine similarly to glibenclamide in rat aortic rings. The hypoglycemic aqueous extracts of C. ficifolia and I. sonorae were characterized for their content of either D-chiro inositol or cucurbitanes respectively, and then we assayed the characterized extracts in vitro on the diazoxide-induced relaxation of rat aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine, using as positive control glibenclamide. I. sonorae extract blocked the KATP channels in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05), whereas C. ficifolia extract had no effect on these channels. I. sonorae extract produces a hypoglycemic effect through a similar mechanism to sulphonylureas in this experimental model; however, hypoglycemic action of C. ficifolia extract should be explained by an independent KATP channels mechanism.

Los frutos de Cucurbita ficifolia conteniendo D-quiro-inositol y las raíces de Ibervillea sonorae conteniendo glucósidos tipo cucurbitano son empleados en el control de la diabetes en México. Aunque el efecto hipoglucémico de ambas plantas ha sido demostrado y se han propuesto algunos de sus compuestos activos, aún se desconoce su mecanismo de acción. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la incubación con ambos extractos acuosos evita la inhibición de la contracción inducida por fenilefrina de manera similar a la glibenclamida en anillos aórticos de rata. Los extractos acuosos hipoglucémicos de C. ficifolia e I. sonorae fueron caracterizados en su contenido de D-quiro inositol o cucurbitanos, respectivamente y entonces fueron estudiados en un modelo in vitro en la relajación inducida por diazóxido en anillos aórticos previamente contraídos con fenilefrina, usando como control positivo glibenclamida. El extracto de Ibervillea sonorae bloqueó los canales KATP de manera dosis-dependiente (p < 0.05), mientras que Cucurbita ficifolia no tuvo efecto en esos canales. El extracto de I. sonorae produce efecto hipoglucémico a través de un mecanismo similar al de las sulfonilureas en este modelo experimental; por su parte, la acción hipoglucemiante del extracto de C. ficifolia debe ser explicado mediante un mecanismo independiente de los canales KATP.

La obesidad como un proceso inflamatorio / Obesity as an inflammatory process

La obesidad es un problema muy importante a nivel mundial que ha aumentado rápidamente, alcanzando características de pandemia. En los últimos años se ha observado que los pacientes obesos presentan un estado inflamatorio crónico de bajo grado como una consecuencia del incremento en la masa del tejido adiposo, que lleva a un aumento en la producción de mediadores proinflamatorios que son conjuntamente estimulados por señales de origen exógeno y/o endógeno. El tejido adiposo contiene fibroblastos, preadipocitos, adipocitos y macrófagos; estos últimos contribuyen de manera importante al proceso inflamatorio sistémico con la producción de mediadores proinflamatorios. Así, existe una asociación íntima, altamente coordinada, entre las vías inflamatorias y las metabólicas; destaca la coincidencia en las funciones de los macrófagos y los adipocitos en la obesidad. Dilucidar los vínculos que existen entre obesidad e inflamación es de importancia capital dentro del campo de la biología molecular; esto implica el reconocimiento de las adipocinas, moléculas sintetizadas por los adipocitos, para dar lugar al descubrimiento de nuevos blancos terapéuticos relacionados con la inmunidad y el metabolismo, y de esta manera abrir la posibilidad de frenar la evolución de los procesos inflamatorios que culminan en enfermedades degenerativas.

Obesity is a major problem worldwide whose prevalence is increasing rapidly, with characteristics of a pandemic. In recent years it has become clear that obese patients present a low-grade chronic inflammation as a result of increased fat tissue and, consequently, an increased production of proinflammatory mediators by exogenous or endogenous stimuli. Fat tissue contains fibroblasts, preadipocytes, adipocytes and macrophag-es with the latter contributing to the systemic inflammatory process in the production of proinflammatory mediators. Thus, there is a highly coordinated intimate association between inflammatory and metabolic pathways, highlighting the overlap between the functions of macrophages and adipocytes in obesity. Elucidating the links between obesity and inflammation is of primordial importance within the field of molecular biology of obesity, which implies the recognition of adipokines, molecules synthesized by adipocytes, which may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets related to metabolism and immunity. This may open the possibility to halt the development of inflammatory processes leading to degenerative diseases.

Leptina y su relación con la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Leptin and its association with obesity and type 2 diabetes

En los últimos años, el número de pacientes con alteraciones metabólicas, tales como obesidad, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión, etcétera, se ha incrementado. El aumento en el peso corporal, resultante de los factores genéticos, ambientales y nutricionales, tiene un papel muy importante en el desarrollo de diversas alteraciones metabólicas. En 1994 se describió al gen de la obesidad (ob) que codifica para la proteína leptina, molécula importante en la regulación del peso corporal. La ganancia en el peso normalmente correlaciona con un incremento de la proteína leptina, generándose a largo plazo un estado de resistencia a la misma. Además de esta relación con la obesidad, la leptina también se ha asociado con la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y con la resistencia a la insulina, característica principal de esta patología. La leptina también se ha relacionado con otras enfermedades tales como cáncer, trastornos psicológicos y sexuales, entre otros. En este trabajo se analizan algunos aspectos bioquímicos y moleculares relacionados con la fisiología de la leptina; se hace énfasis en las consecuencias patológicas que causan su desregulación en la obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

The number of patients with metabolic disorders, obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension is increasing worldwide. The increase in body weight as a consequence of genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors contributes to these disorders, playing a significant role in their disease course. In 1994 the obesity gene (ob) which encodes a protein named leptin, considered an important molecule in regulation of body weight, was described Body weight gain has been generally correlated with high plasma levels of leptin, generating a state of leptin-resistance. Because of its association with obesity, leptin has also been connected with type 2 diabetes and insulin-resistance, an essential characteristic of this disease. Leptin has also been linked with other disorders such as dyslipidaemia, and cardiovascular disease (conditions that together are known as metabolic syndrome), as well as cancer, psychological deficits, sexual dysfunction, etc. We describe some important biochemical and molecular aspects associated with the physiology of leptin, emphasizing the pathological consequences associated with obesity and diabetes.